Payment gateways and acquirers in Europe

🏦 Local IBANs: NL

Adyen (Netherlands) - global acquiring, card issuing and banking; Adyen Issuing offers BIN sponsorship for platforms plus business accounts with NL IBANs. Credit institution (bank), DNB; passported across the EEA (CRD IV). A rare EU-HQ global processor. Agentic-ready - named partner in Mastercard Agent Pay (AI-agent commerce).

Aircash d.o.o. (Zagreb) - e-money institution, Croatian National Bank (ref IEN116); m-wallet, prepaid cards, mobile payments, transfers; passported across the EEA.

Autopay (Blue Media S.A., Poland) - online payments and account-to-account: BLIK, cards and open banking. National Payment Institution, KNF (since 2013).

Axerve (Biella, Italy; Fabrick / Sella Group) - Italy's payment hub for omnichannel acceptance: the Gestpay gateway (one of Italy's leading, 8,000+ companies) plus POS acquiring, with 250+ payment methods including Apple Pay, Samsung Pay and Alipay. Cross-reference: sister company of Fabrick (both Sella Group) - ownership flag (EU).

Bank Frick (Liechtenstein; family-owned, founded 1998) - banking and acquiring for PSPs and fintechs; the only Liechtenstein bank with both Visa and Mastercard acquiring licences, and the first EU bank in blockchain banking (2018). First Liechtenstein entry in the catalogue.

Barion Payment Zrt (Budapest) - e-money institution, MNB licence H-EN-I-1064/2013; online payment gateway, e-money wallet, card acceptance. #1 Hungarian EMI, EEA-passported.

Buckaroo (Utrecht, Netherlands; founded 2005) - Dutch/Belgian PSP with 46k+ clients, 1bn+ transactions a year and 40+ payment methods; embedded SME financing via Buckaroo Capital (YouLend). DNB-registered (Buckaroo B.V.), owned by Keensight Capital.

Clearhaus (Aarhus, Denmark) - e-commerce merchant acquirer serving 33,000+ webshops across Europe; first Danish acquirer with a Payment Facilitator solution. Acquired by Unzer (DE) together with QuickPay - ownership flag (EU). Licensed payment institution (Danish FSA).

CM.com (Breda, Netherlands; founded 1999; Euronext Amsterdam: CMCOM) - the 'Pay' segment provides online and in-person payments and settlement alongside messaging and ticketing; ~EUR 290m revenue.

Comgate (Czech Republic) - Czech PSP for e-shops and physical stores: payment gateway plus payment terminals, with direct Visa/Mastercard acquirer status since 2023; 21,000+ merchants and over CZK 53bn processed annually. Payment institution (Czech National Bank).

Computop (Germany) - leading German e-commerce gateway (~38% share), acquired by Nexi. Wero acquirer.

CorvusPay (Zagreb, Croatia) - the leading Croatian internet payment gateway (IPG) for cards, IBAN payments and card storage (CorvusWallet); the first Croatian fintech licensed by the Croatian National Bank (HNB). Payment Institution. Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Croatian National Bank, ref IPP413; passported to 30 EEA states.

Devengo (Madrid, Spain) - API for instant SEPA account-to-account payments (push/pull payouts, account verification) used for payroll and on-demand pay. Payment Institution (Bank of Spain). Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Bank of Spain, ref 6940; passported to 30 EEA states.

DIMOCO (Vienna, Austria; founded 2000) - licensed Austrian payment institution (FMA-regulated): acquirer and PSP processing cards plus ~100 alternative payment methods, and one of Europe's leading direct carrier billing providers (payments charged to the mobile phone bill).

Dintero (Oslo, Norway) - Nordic checkout and payments platform for online stores: cards plus Klarna, Vipps, Swish and MobilePay in one high-converting checkout; integrations for Shopify and WooCommerce. Licensed payment institution (Finanstilsynet).

Easypay (Portugal) - payment gateway covering MB WAY, Multibanco, cards, Apple/Google Pay and direct debits; authorised to serve the whole SEPA zone. Payment Institution supervised by Banco de Portugal. Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Bank of Portugal, ref 8706; passported to 27 EEA states.

EveryPay (Athens, Greece) - Greek acquiring, issuing and wallet services for enterprises, platforms and SMBs (Ingenico in-store partnership). E-money institution authorised by the Bank of Greece. Register-sourced: E-money institution (EMI), Bank of Greece, ref 800509341; passported to 24 EEA states.

Getnet Europe (Madrid/Munich; PagoNxt, a Banco Santander company) - Santander's global merchant-acquiring franchise launched in Europe in July 2021: gateway, risk management, processing and scheme connectivity for merchants in ~30 European countries, aligned with Santander's banking network (Spain, Portugal + LatAm heritage). Payment institution (Bank of Spain). NB: owned by Santander / PagoNxt - EU bank group.

Global Payments Europe (Prague, Czechia; ex-MUZO) - CEE acquiring, card issuing processing and ATM management hub of the Global Payments group, serving 40+ regions from Prague. Payment Institution (Czech National Bank). NB: subsidiary of Global Payments (US) - ownership flag. Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Czech National Bank, ref 27088936; passported to 29 EEA states.

GoPay (Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic) - leading Czech and Slovak payment gateway: 55+ payment methods, 7 currencies and 19 languages for e-shops across CEE. E-money institution (Czech National Bank).

HiPay (France; Euronext Growth Paris: ALHYP; spun from HiMedia 2015) - PSP and acquirer; EUR 9.5bn payment volume, ~250 staff across five EU locations.

Ifthenpay (Portugal) - Portuguese payment gateway for Multibanco references, MB WAY instant payments and cards, strong in WooCommerce/SME e-commerce. Payment Institution authorised and supervised by Banco de Portugal. Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Bank of Portugal, ref 8707; passported to 27 EEA states.

ISX Financial (Cyprus; ex-iSignthis, ASX-delisted) - EMI operating the ISXPay acquiring, Paidby and flykk e-money brands, authorised by the Central Bank of Cyprus. NB: Australia's Federal Court ordered a AUD 10m penalty for disclosure breaches (ASIC, 2025); former CEO disqualified for 6 years and fined AUD 1m; Visa terminated its relationship over AML concerns (2020). A live example of why licence + risk transparency matter. Register-sourced: E-money institution (EMI), Central Bank of Cyprus, ref 115.1.3.17; passported to 30 EEA states.

IT Card (Warsaw, Poland) - Poland's largest transaction processor (founded 2008); card issuing (1.6m+ cards), 3DS, the Planet Cash ATM network (~7,400) and Planet Pay POS acquiring. Licensed via Planet Pay - National Payment Institution (KNF), Visa Principal Member + Mastercard acquirer - offering 'fintech-in-a-box' BIN sponsorship. Operates PL/CZ/HR; SIBS (PT) took a majority stake (completed 2026). KRS 0000640662.

JCC Payment Systems (Cyprus) - acquirer for Visa/Mastercard and acquiring processor for Amex/Diners. EMI, Central Bank of Cyprus (licence 115.1.3.55, Dec 2022).

Klarna Bank AB (publ) (org. 556737-0431) - full banking licence Swedish FSA since 2017 (category 2 institution), passported EEA. BNPL pioneer; rolling out Klarna Card (debit) across 10 EU markets 2025; FCA authorisation UK (Jul 2025). NB: SFSA SEK 500m AML remark/fine 2025.

Klix by Citadele (Riga, Latvia) - the leading Latvian checkout and e-commerce payment solution, expanding across all three Baltic states: card payments, pay-by-bank and Klix Pay Later instalments at 2,500+ online and offline stores (clients include airBaltic and ESTO). Operated by Citadele Bank (licensed credit institution) - ownership flag (EU bank).

🏦 Local IBANs: FR

Lemonway (France) - marketplace payments with dedicated virtual IBANs. EMI, ACPR (reg 16568).

Lusopay (Portugal; roots to 2007) - Portuguese payment institution for Multibanco references, Payshop, MB WAY, direct debits, cards and instalments, serving Portuguese businesses and e-commerce. Payment Institution No. 8700 at Banco de Portugal. Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Bank of Portugal, ref 8700; passported to 27 EEA states.

Lyra Network (Labège/Toulouse, France; founded 2001) - 'made in France' payment gateway (PayZen brand) for e-commerce, proximity and e-invoicing, with fraud management; a French sovereignty angle.

🏦 Local IBANs: LU

Mangopay (Mangopay S.A., Luxembourg) - marketplace and platform payments with per-user virtual IBANs. EMI, CSSF.

Market Pay (France; created 2016 as Carrefour's payment arm; 60% sold to AnaCap in 2020, Carrefour ~30%) - omnichannel payments platform; 3bn transactions and 320k terminals across 9 EU countries; acquired Novelpay.

Mollie (Netherlands) - online payment gateway for SMEs and platforms. EMI (DNB, since Jan 2024) + UK PI (FCA FRN 977968); acquiring GoCardless (USD 1.1bn, close mid-2026).

MONEI (Málaga, Spain) - payment gateway with 40+ local and alternative payment methods; took part in ECB digital-euro tests (2025). Payment Institution, Banco de España (no. 6911).

Monri Payments (Zagreb, Croatia; founded 2003 as Webteh - the first internet payment gateway in Southeast Europe) - card acceptance and the Monri WSPay gateway for online merchants across the Adriatic region; PCI DSS Level 1. Part of the Payten / Asseco SEE group (Warsaw Stock Exchange) since 2019 - ownership flag (EU).

Montonio (Tallinn, Estonia; founded 2018) - Baltic checkout platform: pay-by-bank links to every major bank in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, plus cards, Apple/Google Pay and multi-lender BNPL comparison in one checkout; USD 12m Series A (2022). Licensed via Montonio Finance UAB (Bank of Lithuania PI).

MultiSafepay (Amsterdam, Netherlands) - payment gateway for cards and local methods (iDEAL and others). NB: acquired by Ant International / Antom (China) in Jan 2024 - non-EU owner (sovereignty flag).

myPOS (founded Varna, Bulgaria 2014; London HQ) - SME card payments for 350k+ merchants across 35+ countries; EMI, Central Bank of Ireland (Dublin) for EU settlement. Being acquired by Advent International (US PE). Bulgarian roots.

NETOPIA Payments / mobilPay (Bucharest) - largest local card processor & payment gateway in Romania (19+ yrs); card processing, Link2Pay, mobilPay wallet. BNR-regulated.

Nexi (Italy; Borsa Italiana-listed 2019) - leading Italian acquirer and issuer processor, formed by merging Nets (2021) and SIA (2022); acquired Computop.

Online Payment Platform / OPP (Delft, Netherlands) - specialist PSP for marketplaces and platforms: escrow, multi-split payments, seller KYC, dispute handling and payouts; 100+ platforms including Marktplaats.nl and a partnership with PayPal. First Dutch PSP to add PSD2 payment-initiation and account-information services to its DNB licence.

🏦 Local IBANs: CY GB

payabl. (Limassol + London; since 2011) - acquirer/PSP: card acquiring, business accounts, virtual IBANs and 300+ payment methods. EMI, Central Bank of Cyprus (passported EEA) + FCA EMI (UK).

PAYCOMET (Barcelona/Madrid/Bilbao, Spain; ex-PayTPV) - Banco Sabadell's omnichannel payment platform for startups through large retail chains, online and in-store. Payment institution (Bank of Spain, 2017); acquired by Sabadell's InnoCells (2018). Nexi agreed to buy 80% for EUR 280m (Feb 2023), but the obligation lapsed during the BBVA-Sabadell takeover saga - remains Sabadell-owned (EU flag).

PAYONE (Germany) - a Worldline + DSV (Sparkassen) joint venture; leading DE/AT acquirer and licensed PSP with 5.4bn+ transactions/yr and 277k+ customers; Wero acquirer (EPI member). NB: 2025 supervisory actions over internal controls.

Payout (Zilina, Slovakia; founded 2019) - Slovak payment gateway for e-commerce: cards, Apple/Google Pay, bank buttons, instant transfers, QR and BNPL. Payment Institution licensed by the National Bank of Slovakia (NBS). Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), National Bank of Slovakia, ref 50487787; passported to 27 EEA states.

Payplug (Paris, France; Groupe BPCE) - French payment solution for retailers and e-merchants, merged with Dalenys (2022) to form BPCE's payments fintech; privileged connectivity to the Cartes Bancaires scheme alongside Visa/Mastercard. Licensed payment institution (ACPR). NB: owned by Groupe BPCE - EU bank group.

🏦 Local IBANs: LT

Paysera (Lithuania; since 2012) - LT IBANs, SEPA, multi-currency accounts and cards. EMI LB000251 (Bank of Lithuania).

PayU (Prosus group; Polish roots) - global PSP with local acquiring licences and a strong CEE / emerging-markets footprint.

Polskie ePłatności - PeP (Rzeszow/Warsaw, Poland) - one of Poland's largest merchant acquirers with 125,000+ POS terminals, in-store and online acceptance. National Payment Institution (KNF). NB: acquired by Nets (Oct 2020, EV EUR 405m), now part of the Nexi Group - ownership flag (EU). Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Polish Financial Supervision Authority, ref 5862141089; passported to 30 EEA states.

Przelewy24 (PayPro SA, Poland) - the largest Polish online-payments operator, supporting BLIK and cards. National Payment Institution (KNF IP24/2014) with AIS/PIS permission.

Redsys (Spain; est. 2011) - Spain's interbank processor / switch, owned by Spanish banks (Santander, BBVA, CaixaBank, Sabadell and others); ~90% of Spanish e-commerce, 19.7bn+ transactions and EUR 505bn/yr. Supports cards and Bizum.

Rootline (Amsterdam, Netherlands) - payments infrastructure for SaaS platforms and marketplaces: acceptance, routing, payouts and automated reconciliation as embeddable components, built by a team from leading payments fintechs. Licensed payment institution (DNB).

SIBS (SIBS SGPS, Lisbon, Portugal; since 1983; controlled by 27 Portuguese banks) - operator of the Multibanco and MB WAY domestic schemes and a pan-European processor; MB WAY covers 94% of Portuguese issuers, operating in 25+ countries. Acquired a majority stake in Poland's IT Card / Planet Pay (completed 2026) for CEE expansion. European scheme + processing.

SimplePay (ex-OTP Mobil Kft; rebranded SimplePay Zrt, 2026) - OTP Bank group payment arm; online payment gateway + mobile POS for HU merchants.

Straal Sp. z o.o. (KRS 0000694017, Warsaw); PL gateway/orchestration (200+ acquiring, 30+ currencies); cards, BLIK. KNF IP number to capture (likely SPI/KIP).

SumUp (German roots; + UK) - SME acquiring and cards. EMI Bank of Lithuania (SumUp EU Payments UAB, LB001900) + UK entity.

Tpay (Krajowy Integrator Płatności, Poland) - online payments; National Payment Institution (KNF, extended 2020, with AIS/PIS). Bank Pekao holds a 38.33% stake.

Truevo (ex-Swish Payments, rebranded 2017; Malta) - acquirer/PSP: acquiring, gateway and OCT payouts across 120+ currencies; Visa + Mastercard full member. MFSA-licensed FI (C62721).

🏦 Local IBANs: SK

TrustPay a.s. (Bratislava) - payment institution supervised by Narodna banka Slovenska (NBS); online bank transfers, e-commerce payments, multi-currency accounts/IBANs; EEA-passported. Rebranded Finby (finby.com).

Unzer (Germany) - PSP and Wero acquirer. BaFin-licensed FI (DE + CSSF Luxembourg + Denmark FSA). NB: BaFin onboarding ban (2022) lifted Oct 2024.

Valitor (Hafnarfjordur, Iceland) - Icelandic acquirer, card issuer and payment-gateway company serving merchants in Iceland and Europe. Payment Institution (Central Bank of Iceland). NB: acquired by Rapyd (USD 100m, 2022) - now Rapyd's European acquiring arm. Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), Central Bank of Iceland, ref 5006830589; passported to 30 EEA states.

🏦 Local IBANs: GR

Viva.com (Greece) - payments, card issuing and business accounts across the EEA-31 and UK; ALL account IBANs are Greek (GR) - help centre (Jan 2026): "the option to select or issue a local IBAN is not supported" (earlier local-IBAN positioning withdrawn; the account product page no longer mentions IBANs at all). Greek banking licence (VIVABANK SA) + EMI, Bank of Greece; JPMorgan majority owner.

Worldline (France) - large EU acquirer and issuer processor; acquired Ingenico (2020) and runs the PAYONE JV. FCA Payment Institution authorisation (UK).

AllSecure (Serbia) - e-commerce payment gateway with acquiring partners across the EU, Western Balkans and US. Gateway technology; licensing via partners.

Corefy (Ukraine) - white-label payment-orchestration platform connecting many PSPs and methods. Orchestration technology, not a licence holder.

Craftgate (Turkey) - payment gateway and orchestration for merchants. Gateway technology; processing via licensed partners.

Fondy (Ukraine; + UK) - online payments for SMBs; the UK entity is separate. NB: the National Bank of Ukraine blocked operations and removed Fondy from its registry in 2024 on national-security grounds.

iyzico (Turkey) - leading Turkish payment gateway; EMI under the Central Bank of Turkey (TCMB); owned by PayU (Prosus).

Moka United (Istanbul) - merchant payment acceptance: virtual / physical POS, SoftPOS, digital wallets, Visa/Mastercard acceptance. BDDK payment-institution licence (2016-04-12, Law 6493) + e-money issuance approval; CBRT-supervised. Part of Turkiye Is Bankasi (Isbank) group.

Papara (Istanbul) - e-money wallet + prepaid Mastercard, mass payouts; EMI since 2016; owns Rebellion Pay (Spain EMI, EEA). RISK: Turkey central bank (CBRT/TCMB) revoked Papara licence Oct 2025 amid an illegal-betting / AML investigation; founder-CEO arrested. Spanish subsidiary separate. Proof-of-value for the Status/Risk column.

Param (Türk Elektronik Para A.S., Turkey) - Turkey's first approved e-money licensee and first non-bank BKM member; BaaS. EMI, Central Bank of Turkey (TCMB).

Paycell (Turkcell Odeme ve Elektronik Para Hizmetleri A.S., Istanbul) - mobile payments, carrier billing, POS / mobilePOS, virtual prepaid cards, wallet. BDDK payment-institution licence (2016) + e-money licence (2017); CBRT (TCMB)-supervised since 2020. Turkcell subsidiary.

Payten (Serbia) - the ASEE payments arm: issuing/acquiring processing, personalisation, e-commerce and POS (Monri) across SEE.

Sipay (Turkey) - licensed e-money and payment entity (Central Bank of Turkey, Law 6493/5464); ~USD 200m/month and ~10% of the Turkish market.

Boku (London, UK; LSE AIM: BOKU; San Francisco roots) - global local-payments network: one integration to 200+ local payment methods (mobile wallets, A2A and direct carrier billing) reaching 7.5bn+ consumer payment accounts in 60+ countries; used by the largest streaming and app platforms. EEA rail: Boku Network Services IE (Ireland PI).

Cardstream (UK) - independent white-label payment gateway (payments-facilitator-as-a-service) for banks, PSPs, ISOs and ISVs; 400+ acquirers across 120+ countries. PCI DSS Level 1, FCA-regulated; Mastercard open-banking partnership (2025).

Checkout.com (UK) - enterprise PSP and acquirer, EEA-capable. FCA AEMI 900816 (UK) + ACPR AEMI 17208 (Checkout SAS, France/EEA). Agentic-ready - named partner in Mastercard Agent Pay (AI-agent commerce).

Decta (UK; + Cyprus, Ireland) - card acquiring, issuer processing and BIN sponsorship; certified Visa/Mastercard/UnionPay processor. EMI, Central Bank of Cyprus (115.1.3.54) + Central Bank of Ireland + FCA (UK). 50+ settlement currencies.

Dojo (Paymentsense Ltd, UK) - SME card-present acquiring (Dojo is the customer brand); ~12.5% of UK SME card-present, GBP 46bn volume. EMI in Ireland for EU expansion (ES/IT); USD 190m from Vitruvian (2025).

Ecommpay (London, UK; founded 2012) - direct acquirer and payment gateway with 100+ local payment methods and payouts; Visa and Mastercard Principal Member, PCI DSS Level 1, FCA-authorised (FRN 607597). EEA rail via TFI ECOMMPAY LTD (Cyprus EMI). Register-sourced: E-money institution (EMI), Central Bank of Cyprus, ref 115.1.3.52; passported to 30 EEA states.

emerchantpay (UK; main operations in Sofia, Bulgaria) - global acquirer/PSP across online, mobile, in-store and POS; ~USD 155m revenue. FCA Authorised EMI and Visa/Mastercard Principal Member.

GoCardless (UK) - FCA-authorised bank-debit / A2A specialist. Being acquired by Mollie (USD 1.1bn, agreed Dec 2025, close mid-2026).

Paysafe (UK; NYSE-listed) - payments group: Paysafe Payment Solutions (Skrill, Neteller, Rapid Transfer) and Paysafe Prepaid Services (paysafecard) regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland (EEA), and Paysafe Financial Services (EMI, FCA FRN 900015, UK). MiCA CASP (CBI) for crypto across the EEA.

Pollinate (UK; since 2017) - cloud merchant-services / digital-experience platform for bank acquirers (powers Tyl by NatWest): onboarding, portals and loyalty wrapping legacy acquiring. Backed by Mastercard, RBS/NatWest and Motive; GBP 60m raised.

🏦 Local IBANs: GB DE DK

Rapyd (London, UK; Israeli-founded, 2016) - fintech-as-a-service: global acquiring, payouts and wallets. EEA licence via Rapyd Europe (Iceland EMI) after acquiring Icelandic acquirer Valitor (USD 100m, 2022); also bought PayU GPO (USD 610m, 2023). Register-sourced: E-money institution (EMI), Central Bank of Iceland, ref 5006830589; passported to 30 EEA states. Offers virtual IBANs (vIBAN) in Europe via Rapyd Virtual Accounts - local collection accounts in 40+ countries. Virtual-account docs list GB/DE/DK IBANs (DE reaches 36 SEPA countries).

Teya (ex-SaltPay; London HQ, Icelandic roots; founded 2019) - SME payments group: SME acquiring and lending (Liberis partnership), and owner of Paymentology + MeaWallet (issuer processing / tokenization). UK e-money via YoYo Wallet; Teya Iceland hf. (FCA-registered).

Trust Payments (UK + Malta) - international acquirer/gateway; GBP 5bn+ annualised across 20k+ businesses; Visa/Mastercard Principal Member. FCA Authorised PI (UK) + MFSA-licensed (Trust Payments Malta Ltd, EEA, since 2012).

Worldpay (UK roots, ex-RBS WorldPay; now US-owned) - global merchant acquiring across UK/EU/US. Acquired by Global Payments (US) for USD 24.25bn from GTCR/FIS (signed Apr 2025, closed Jan 2026). Contrast / US-owned.

Elavon (Atlanta, US; unit of U.S. Bancorp) - the fourth-largest merchant acquirer in Europe, trading as Elavon Financial Services DAC (Dublin), a credit institution authorised by the Central Bank of Ireland (+ UK banking authorisation 2023); acquired Sage Pay/Opayo (USD 300m). Contrast / US.

Fiserv (Milwaukee, US; NYSE: FI) - global processor (First Data USD 22bn, 2019) with the Clover POS platform. European acquiring rail: European Merchant Services B.V. (EMS, Netherlands - ex-ABN AMRO JV, 100% Fiserv since Sep 2023; DNB-licensed PI) plus the CCV acquisition (NL). Contrast / US. Register-sourced: Payment institution (PI), The Netherlands Bank, ref F0007; passported to 30 EEA states.

Nuvei (Canada) - global PSP with local acquiring in 52 markets; MiCAR CASP + PI for EMT; launched Wero e-commerce.

PayPal (San Jose, US; Nasdaq: PYPL) - the global wallet and online-checkout giant. European rail: PayPal (Europe) S.a r.l. et Cie, S.C.A., a credit institution authorised and supervised by the CSSF (Luxembourg). Contrast / US - the biggest name absent from most sovereignty conversations.

Shift4 (Allentown, US; NYSE: FOUR) - US commerce and payments company whose European rail is Finaro (ex-Credorax), the Malta-licensed acquiring bank it acquired for USD 575m (closed Oct 2023); integrated acquiring and processing for merchants across Europe and the UK via Credorax Bank Ltd (Malta credit institution) and Shift4 Limited (Malta PI). Contrast / US.

Square (Block, Inc., US; NYSE: XYZ) - SME acquiring, POS and merchant services. European rail via Square Ireland (EMI, Central Bank of Ireland). Contrast / US. Register-sourced: E-money institution (EMI), Central Bank of Ireland, ref C184117; passported to 30 EEA states.

Stripe (US) - PSP with issuing via partner banks (US/EU) and strong developer experience; EU IBANs limited. Agentic-ready - co-developed the Agentic Commerce Protocol (ACP) with OpenAI and a Machine Payments Protocol (MPP) with Tempo/Visa.

Wirecard (Germany) - former DAX-30 payments and issuing group. NB: DEFUNCT - filed for insolvency 25 Jun 2020 after EUR 1.9bn was declared 'missing' (balance-sheet fraud; CEO arrested), triggering BaFin reform (FISG 2021). Kept as a proof-of-value entry for why licence and risk transparency matter.